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Journal "Proceedings of the SOTS". No. 4(27)-2024

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I. Theology

Archpriest A. Fadeev

The Theory of Conceptual Integration in the Framework of the Study of the Cultic Milieu on the Example of Ufology

For citation:

Fadeev A., archpriest. Teoriya kontseptual'noy integratsii v ramkakh izucheniya kul'tovoy sredy obshchestva na primere ufologii [The theory of conceptual integration in the framework of the study of the cultic milieu on the example of ufology] // Trudy Saratovskoi pravoslavnoi dukhovnoi seminarii. [Proceedings of the Saratov Orthodox Theological Seminary]. 2024. No 4 (27). pp. 11–28. DOI: 10.56621/27825884_2024_27_11

Abstact: The phenomenon of unconventional religiosity cannot be investigated, being limited to the framework of its structured forms. Most studies of sectarianism focus on institutionalized forms of unconventional religiosity, their influence on society, and creed doctrines. Increasing in content and forms, unconventional religiosity has a kind of generating community, which Colin Campbell in 1972 called the Cultic Milieu. The Cultic Milieu in the definition of the author is deviant beliefs and practices of the cultural underground, rooted in historical experience. Not all ideas of the Cultic Milieu have pronounced religious elements. The complexity of studying the Cultic Milieu lies in the fact that it is poorly verified within the framework of sociological approaches, since its volume and nature are revealed exclusively in the processes of communication and intercommunication of carriers. According to our hypothesis, ideas and practices are in a state of constant transformation and are subject to analysis only in a synchronous slice. However, any construct or an individual image of the Cultic Milieu by definition has religious or mytho-magical characteristics. A model for connecting religious and non-religious elements in the study area has not yet been found. In the studies of sociologists, the theme of the cult environment is described as a rule using terminological generalizations: implicit religion, substitute religion, faith without affiliation, and so on. The content of the ideas of the Cultic Milieu is currently superficially described in terms of "syncretic" or "eclectic," but nothing more. Within the framework of this work, an attempt was made to apply one of the classical methods of cognitive linguistics in relation to the ideas of the Cultic Milieu, exactly, the method of conceptual integration between the mental spaces of concepts from the field of non-institutionalized non-traditional religiosity. The application of this approach makes it possible to identify the process of genesis of a specific idea from the thematic field of the Cultic Milieu. In this case, it is one of the many variants of the paleocontact of the ufological narrative with a religious context.

Keywords: the Cultic Milieu, ufology, aliens, mental space, concept, paleovisite, paleocontacts, extraterrestrial intelligence

References:

Author information:

Archpriest Andrew Fadeev;

Job Title: Candidate of Theology, Associate Professor, Department of Biblical Studies and Theology;

Job place: Penza Theological Seminary;

4 Perekop str., Penza, 440023, Russian Federation;

Job Title: doctoral student;

Job place: Ss Cyril and Methodius Institute of Post-Graduate Studies;
4/2 Pyatnitskaya str., bld. 1, Moscow, 115035, Russian Federation;
Email: fadeevandrei@mail.ru
ORCID: 0000-0001-6973-6081

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A.A. Biryukov

Comparison of Approaches to the Comprehension of History in Eastern and Western Christian Traditions on the Example of the Works of Saint John Chrysostom and Blessed Aurelius Augustine

For citation:

Biryukov A. Sravneniye podkhodov k postizheniyu istorii v vostochnoy i zapadnoy khristianskikh traditsiyakh na primere trudov svyatitelya Ioanna Zlatousta i blazhennogo Avreliya Avgustina [Comparison of approaches to the comprehension of history in Eastern and Western Christian traditions on the example of the works of Saint John Chrysostom and Blessed Aurelius Augustine] // Trudy Saratovskoi pravoslavnoi dukhovnoi seminarii. [Proceedings of the Saratov Orthodox Theological Seminary]. 2024. No 4 (27). pp. 29–45. DOI: 10.56621/27825884_2024_27_29

Abstact: It is generally believed that interest in history in the Christian milieu appears in the West and is associated with the activities of the Latin bishop and theologian Blessed Augustine of Hippo, in particular with the publication of his conceptual work "On the City of God" (5th century). However, in Greek-Eastern patristics, despite the absence of a coherent historical concept, history was not neglected either. One of the Eastern Fathers of the Church, in whose writings one can find an aspiration to comprehend the historical process, is Saint John Chrysostom, who was a contemporary of Blessed Aurelius Augustine. The article analyzes the main works of these theologians, containing attempts to comprehend the historical process. The analysis compares cosmological concepts, the beginning of the historical process, the problem of evil, eschatological views as the finality of human history. The author concludes that the key difference between the approaches of the two thinkers lies in the conceptualization of the significance of human free will in the world historical process.

Keywords: philosophy of history, theology (theology) of history, Christian historiosophy, Saint John Chrysostom, Blessed Aurelius Augustine, providentialism, Providence, free will, synergy, theodicy, eschatology.

References:

1. Dʹiachenko O.N. (2018) "Problema teoditsei: Avrelii Avgustin" [The problem of theodicy: Aurelius Augustine]. In: "Izvestiia Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Politologiia. Religiovedenie" [News of Irkutsk State University. Series: Political Science. Religious Studies]. Vol. 25. pp. 55–62. DOI 10.26516/2073-3380.2018.25.55. (In Russian).

2. Gorianov K. (2005) "Gorianov K., arkhiep. Ėskhatologicheskoe uchenie v tvoreniiakh sviatykh ottsov i ego znachenie v sovremennom mire" [Eschatological doctrine in the works of the Holy Fathers and its significance in the modern world]. In: "Khristianskoe Chtenie" [Christian reading]. No. 25. pp. 33–66. (In Russian).

3. Ilʹina A.S. (2023) "Problema zla v ėtike Avreliia Avgustina" [The Problem of Evil in the Ethics of Aurelius Augustine]. In: "Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriia 7: Filosofiia" [Moscow University Bulletin. Series 7: Philosophy]. Vol. 47, No 3. pp. 89–105. DOI 10.55959/MSU02017385-7-2023-47-3-89-105. (In Russian).

4. Kotsiuba V. (2005) "Kotsiuba V.I. Khristianskii i neoplatonicheskii providentsializm: poniatie o «promysle» u Ioanna Zlatousta, Salliustiia i Prokla" [Christian and Neoplatonic Providentialism: the Notion of "Providence" in John Chrysostom, Sallustius and Proclus]. In: "Alʹfa i Omega" [Alpha and Omega]. No. 43. pp. 153–175. (In Russian).

5. Legeev M.V., Zinkovsky S.A., Zinkovsky E.A. (2018) "Nauchnobogoslovskoe osmyslenie istorii v IV–V vekakh: popytki i tendentsii" [Scientific-theological comprehension of history in the IV–V centuries: attempts and trends]. In: "Khristianskoe chtenie" [Christian reading]. No. 4. pp. 10–27. DOI 10.24411/1814-5574-2018-10078. (In Russian).

6. Mikhailov P. (2017) "Mikhailov P.B. Bogoslovie istorii blzh. Avgustina" [The Theology of History of Blessed Augustine]. In: "Blazhennyi Avgusgin i avgustinizm v zapadnoi i vostochnoi traditsiiakh" [Saint Augustine and Augustinianism in the Western and Eastern Traditions].

pp. 6–18. Moscow. (In Russian).

7. Mikhailov P. (2021) "Mikhailov P.B. Mezhdu vekom i vechnostʹiu. Bogoslovie istorii v istorii bogosloviia" [Between Age and Eternity. Theology of history in the history of theology]. In: "Khristianskoe chtenie". No. 1. pp. 141–155. DOI 10.47132/1814-5574_2021_ 1_141. (In Russian).

8. Oksiiuk M. (2006) "Ėskhatologiia sv. Grigoriia Nisskogo" [Eschatology of St. Gregory of Nyssa]. Kiev. (In Russian).

9. Zheltikova I.V. (2008) "Vvedenie v filosofiiu istorii (bibleiskie istochniki)" [Introduction to the philosophy of history (biblical sources)]. Orel. (In Russian).

Author information:
Arseniy Biryukov;
Job Title: Assistant of the Department of Biblical and Theological Disciplines;
Job place: Ss Cyril and Methodius Institute of Post-Graduate Studies;
4/2 Pyatnitskaya str., bld. 1, Moscow, 115035, Russian Federation;
Email: arsenyi.biryukov@yandex.ru

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II. Philosophy

A. Maslov, priest S. Postnov

Existence and Deification: Essence and Comparative Analysis of Concepts

For citation:

Maslov A., Postnov S., priest. Ekzistentsiya i obozheniye: sushchnost' i sravnitel'nyy analiz ponyatiy [Existence and deification: essence and comparative analysis of concepts] // Trudy Saratovskoi pravoslavnoi dukhovnoi seminarii. [Proceedings of the Saratov Orthodox Theological Seminary]. 2024. No 4 (27). pp. 46–63. DOI: 10.56621/27825884_2024_27_46

Abstact: The article reveals the essence of the concepts of "existence" and "deification", and conducts a comparative analysis of these concepts. The aspects that unite existence and deification, and the aspects that separate them, are revealed. Attention is paid to the role of intentionality in determining the essence of the concepts under consideration, as well as their modes. It is concluded that existence and deification, in the sense of the true existence of man, are one and the same. However, in the atheistic understanding, existence is finite and does not go beyond the boundaries of created being, for this it needs transcendence, which, from a religious standpoint, is related to the phenomenon of deification of man. Thus, only transcending existence can be related to deification, and related to the Orthodox term "new man", while existence without a breakthrough to God (without transcendence) is the scope of action of only the "old man".

Keywords: existence, deification, transcendence, existence, intentionality, modes of existence, authentic human existence, dialogue, image of God in man, personality, freedom, Orthodoxy, existential philosophy.

References:

1. Alekhnovich A.S. (2017) "Samobytiye cheloveka v sotsial'nom mire: ekzistentsial'no-antropologicheskiy podkhod" [Human Self-Existence in the Social World: An Existential-Anthropological Approach].

In: "Gorizonty gumanitarnogo znaniya" [Horizons of Humanitarian Knowledge]. No. 2. pp. 17–28. (In Russian).

2. Bochenski J. (1993) "Sto suyeveriy: Kratkiy filosofskiy slovar' predrassudkov" [One Hundred Superstitions: A Brief Philosophical Dictionary of Prejudices]. Moscow. (In Russian. Trans. from Polish).

3. Bulyko I. (2015) "Obozheniye soglasno ucheniyu Arkhimandrita Kipriana (Kerna)" [Deification According to the Teaching of Archimandrite Cyprian (Kern)]. In: "Vestnik kul'tury i iskusstva" [Bulletin of Culture and Art]. No. 2 (42). pp. 81–88. (In Russian).

4. Bulyko I. (2015) "Ucheniye ob obozhenii u russkikh bogoslovov vtoroy poloviny XX veka" [The Doctrine of Deification in Russian Theologians of the Second Half of the Twentieth Century]. In: "Metaparadigma" [Metaparadigm]. No. 8. pp. 6–46. (In Russian).

5. Bulyko I. (2015) "Ucheniye ob obozhenii u russkikh bogoslovov vtoroy poloviny XX veka" [The Doctrine of Deification in Russian Theologians of the Second Half of the Twentieth Century]. In: "Metaparadigma" [Metaparadigm]. No. 7. pp. 96–127. (In Russian).

6. Bulyko I. (2015) "Ucheniye ob obozhenii v bogoslovii pravoslavnoy tserkvi" [The Doctrine of Deification in the Theology of the Orthodox Church]. In: Studia Humanitatis [Studia Humanitatis]. No. 1. pp. 1–11. (In Russian).

7. Burkhanov A.R. (2012) "Antropologicheskiye smysly Dasein v traktate Martina Khaydeggera «Bytiye i vremya»" [Anthropological Meanings of Dasein in Martin Heidegger's Treatise Being and Time]. In: "Vestnik Nizhnevartovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta" [Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University]. No. 3. pp. 19–24. (In Russian).

8. Dorofeev D.Yu. (2022) "Filosofskaya antropologiya podlinnogo i nepodlinnogo: sovremennaya problematizatsiya chelovecheskoy lichnosti i obraza zhizni" [Philosophical Anthropology of the Ancient and Non-historical: Modern Problematization of the Easy Personality and Lifestyle]. In: "Filosofiya. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki" [Philosophy. Journal of the Higher School of Economics]. Vol. 6, No. 3. pp. 127–154. (In Russian).

9. Dronov M. "Ekzistentsiya i opyt v pravoslavnom myshlenii nakanune XXI veka" [Existence and Experience in Orthodox Thinking on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century]. Available at: https://www.pravmir.ru/ ekzistentsiya-i-opyit-v-pravslavnom-myishlenii-nakanune-xxiveka/ (22.07.2023). (In Russian).

10. Dumitrache K. (2013) "«Obraz Bozhiy» v pravoslavnoy antropologii" ["The Image of God" in Orthodox Anthropology]. In: "Vestnik RGGU. Seriya Filosofiya. Sotsiologiya. Iskusstvovedeniye" [Bulletin of the Russian State University for the Humanities. Series Philosophy. Sociology. Art Criticism. No. 11 (112). pp. 183–192. (In Russian).

11. Dyakonov G.V. "Kontseptsiya dialoga M.M. Bakhtina — osnova ekzistentsial'no-ontologicheskoy psikhologii" [The Concept of Dialogue by M.M. Bakhtin — the Basis of Existential-Ontological Psychology]. Available at: http://hpsy.ru/public/x2780.htm (24.03.2024). (In Russian).

12. Efremov E. "Ucheniye V.N. Losskogo ob obozhenii" [The Training of V.N. Lossky's Deification]. Available at: https://pravlavie-ru. turbopages.org/turbo/pravlavie.ru/s/73371.html (24.03.2024). (In Russian).

13. Falyov E.V. (2020) "Khaydegger kak «khristianskiy teolog»?" [Heidegger as a “Christian Theologian”?]. In: "Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaya seriya. Ser. Filosofiya. Psikhologiya. Pedagogika" [Bulletin of the Saratov University. New Series. Ser. Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy]. Vol. 20, Issue 3. pp. 289–293. (In Russian).

14. Frankl V. (2018) "Volya k smyslu" [The Will to Meaning]. Moscow. (In Russian. Trans. from English).

15. Gagarin A.S. (2015) "Kontseptsiya intentsional'nosti v ekzistentsial'noy filosofii" [The Concept of Intentionality in Existential Philosophy]. In: "Istoricheskiye, filosofskiye, politicheskiye i yuridicheskiye nauki, kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedeniye. Voprosy teorii i praktiki" [Historical, Philosophical, Political and Legal Sciences, Cultural Studies and Art Criticism. Theory and Practice Issues]. No. 12 (62). In 4 parts. Part III. pp. 39–42. (In Russian).

16. Gagarin A.S. (2023) "Ekzistirovaniye i transtsendirovaniye: filosofskiye interpretatsii" [Existence and Transcendence: Philosophical Sounds]. In: "Vestnik Omskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universisteta. Gumanitarnyye issledovaniya" [Bulletin of Omsk State Pedagogical University. Humanitarian Research]. No. 1 (38). pp. 9–14. (In Russian).

17. Gaidenko P.P. (1997) "Proryv k transtsendentnomu: novaya ontologiya XX veka" [Breakthrough to the Transcendent: New Ontology of the Twentieth Century]. Moscow. (In Russian).

18. Grednovskaya E.V., Penner R.V. (2015) "Problema podlinnosti sushchestvovaniya cheloveka v diskursakh ekzistentsializma i postmodernizma" [The Problem of Human World Existence in Existentialism and Postmodernism]. In: "Vestnik YUUrGU. Seriya «Sotsial'no-gumanitarnyye nauki»" [Bulletin of SUSU. Series "Social and Humanitarian Sciences"]. Vol. 15, No. 3. pp. 56–59.

(In Russian).

19. Korolev A.V. (2008) "Chto takoye ekzistentsiya?" [What is existence?]. In: "Vestnik KGU im. N.A. Nekrasova" [Bulletin of KSU named after N.A. Nekrasov]. No. 1. pp. 224–227. (In Russian).

20. Lorgus A. "Pravoslavnaya antropologiya" [Orthodox anthropology]. Available at: https://azbyka.ru/otechnik/antropologiya-i-asketika/ pravlavnaja-antropologija/ (23.03.2024). (In Russian).

21. Mandzaridis G. (2010) "Obozheniye cheloveka po ucheniyu svyatitelya Grigoriya Palamy" [The deification of man according to the teachings of St. Gregory Palamas]. Sergiev Posad. (In Russian).

22. Nellas P. (2011) "Osnovy i perspektivy pravoslavnoy antropologii" [Foundations and views of Orthodox anthropology]. Moscow. (In Russian).

23. Petrov D. "Ekzistentsializm i ekzistentsial'nyy podkhod v filosofii zhizni — opredeleniye, problemy" [Existentialism and the extensional approach in the philosophy of life - definition, problems]. Available from: https://ktonanovenkogo.ru/voprosy-i-otvety/ ehkzistencializm-ehkzistencialnyj-chto-ehto.html#ehkzisten-4 (24.03.2024). (In Russian).

24. Polohov D.N. (2012) "Kontsept lichnosti v pravoslavnom bogoslovii" [The Concept of Personality in Orthodox Theology]. In: "Devyatyye Mezhregional'nyye Pimenovskiye chteniya" [The Ninth Interregional Pimenov Readings]. No. 9. pp. 12–26. (In Russian).

25. Strekalovskaya E.V. (2019) "Ponyatiye ekzistentsii u K. Yaspersa" [The Concept of Existence in K. Jaspers]. In: "Molodoy uchonyy" [Young Scientist]. No. 32 (270). pp. 169–171. (In Russian).

26. Tsarevsky A. (2009) "Uroki po Zakonu Bozhiyu" [Lessons on the Law of God]. Moscow. (In Russian).

27. Vorobyov D.V. (2017) "Ucheniye svyatogo Maksima Ispovednika o gnomicheskoy i yestestvennoy volyakh" [The Teaching of St. Maximus the Confessor on Gnomic and Natural Wills]. In: "Vestnik Mininskogo universiteta" [Bulletin of Minin University]. No. 2. pp. 1–8. (In Russian).

28. Vorohobov A.V. (2020) "Lichnost' s tochki zreniya personalisticheskogo aktualizma" [Personality from the Point of View of Personalistic Actualism]. In: "Trudy Nizhegorodskoy dukhovnoy seminarii" [Proceedings of the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary]. No. 18. pp. 1–28. (In Russian).

29. Yannaras H. (1992) "Vera Tserkvi. Vvedeniye v pravoslavnoye bogosloviye" [Faith of the Church. Introduction to Orthodox Theology]. Moscow. (In Russian).

30. Zarubin A.G. "Filosofiya ekzistentsializma (problema vremeni)" [Philosophy of existentialism (the problem of time)]. Available at: http://www.chronos.msu.ru/old/RREPORTS/zarubin_philos_ eczisten.htm (20.09.2024). (In Russian).

31. Znakov V.V., Kasavina N.A., Sineokaia Yu.V. (2018) "Ekzistentsial'nyy opyt: tainstvo i problema" [Existential experience: mystery and problem]. In: "Filosofskiy zhurnal" [Philosophical journal]. Vol. 11. No. 2. pp. 123–137. (In Russian).

Authors information:
Alexei Maslov;
Job Title: Student of Master's course;
Job place: Saratov Orthodox Theological Seminary;
92 Michurina str., Saratov, 410028, Russian Federation;
Email: majority@mail.ru

Priest Sergiy Postnov;
Job Title: Student of Master's course;
Job place: Saratov Orthodox Theological Seminary;
92 Michurina str., Saratov, 410028, Russian Federation;
Email: magkronik@mail.ru

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V. Syusyukin

The Game "Atomic Heart" As a Product of Mythologizing the USSR: Paradoxes of Technological Futurology

For citation:

Syusyukin V. Igra «Atomic Heart» kak produkt mifologizatsii SSSR: paradoksy tekhnologicheskoy futurologii [The game "Atomic Heart" as a product of mythologizing the USSR: paradoxes of technological futurology] // Trudy Saratovskoi pravoslavnoi dukhovnoi seminarii. [Proceedings of the Saratov Orthodox Theological Seminary]. 2024. No 4 (27). pp. 64–78. DOI: 10.56621/27825884_2024_27_64

Abstact: The article provides a socio-philosophical analysis of the game "Atomic Heart" as a product of mythologization of the Soviet past. Nostalgia for the Soviet Union is expressed not only in the artifacts of everyday culture, memorials and monuments, but also in computer games. The research of the game industry is one of the most promising and demanded areas of the modern humanitarian science. The research reveals that gaming is based on several mythologemes, the most important of which are the mythologemes of god-building and collective intelligence. The technological futurology of the game allows to hide these narratives behind the images of the USSR of the future, in the space of which the user gets acquainted with the storyline of the game. Finally, the author concludes that the synthesis of Soviet aesthetics, mythological narratives and images of future technologies must bring the user into the space of moral dilemmas.

Keywords: mythology, USSR, game, games studies, Atomic Heart, futurology.

Acknowledgments: The reported study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation according to the research project No. 24-2800610 "Mythologization of the Soviet past in modern Russian society: current media practices and possible social effects" https://rscf.ru/en/project/24-28-00610/

References:

1. Artamonov D.S. (2020) "Istoriya religii i mifologiya v komp'yuternyh igrah" [History of religion and mythology in computer games]. In: "Religioznaya identichnost' i mezhkul'turnye kommunikacii: Materialy Vserossijskogo nauchnogo seminara (Astrahan, October 28–30, 2020)" [Religious identity and intercultural communications: Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific seminar (Astrakhan, October 28–30, 2020)]. Astrahan'. pp. 126–132. (In Russian).

2. Bojm S.B. (2002) "Obshchie mesta. Mifologiya povsednevnoj zhizni" [Common Places. Mythology of Everyday Life]. Moscow. (In Russian).

3. Hollis J. (2010) "Mifologemy: Voploshcheniya nevidimogo mira" [Mythologemes: Embodiments of the Invisible World]. Moscow. (In Russian).

4. Onosov A.A. (2022) "Religiya chelovechestva O. Konta i sociologiya obshchego dela N.F. Fedorova: mery pozitivizma" [Religion of Humanity by O. Comte and Sociology of the Common Cause by N.F. Fedorova: Measures of Positivism]. In: "Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Sociologiya" [Bulletin of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Series: Sociology]. 2022. № 1. pp. 23–39. (In Russian).

5. Pilyugina E.V. (2014) "Sovremennaya social'naya real'nost': panmifologizaciya, informacionnye vojny i krizis postmoderna" [Contemporary Social Reality: Panmythologization, Information Wars and the Crisis of Postmodernism]. In: Logos et Praxis [Logos et Praxis]. 2014. № 3. pp. 7–15. (In Russian).

6. Skrzhinskaya M.V. (2011) "Proiskhozhdenie dvuh etnogeneticheskih mifov v skifskom Logose Gerodota" [The Origin of Two Ethnogenetic Myths in the Scythian Logos of Herodotus]. In: "Indoevropejskoe yazykoznanie i klassicheskaya filologiya" [Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology]. 2011. № 15. pp. 469–476. (In Russian).

7. Storchak M.V. (2023) "Sakral'nye syuzhety grazhdanskoj religii v SSSR" [Sacred subjects of civil religion in the USSR]. In: "Missiya konfessij" [Mission of confessions]. № 71. pp. 14–15. (In Russian).

8. Zhurkova D.A. (2024) "Anahronichnyj saundtrek: resajkling sovetskih pesen v videoigre «Atomic Heart»" [Anachronistic Soundtrack: Recycling Soviet Songs in the Video Game “Atomic Heart”]. In: "Industrii vpechatlenij. Tekhnologii sociokul'turnyh issledovanij" [Impression Industries. Technologies of Sociocultural Research]. № 1. pp. 66–84. (In Russian).

Authors information:

Vladimir Syusyukin;
Job Title: Junior Research fellow;
Job place: Research Institute, Lipetsk State Technical University;
30, Moskovskaya str., Lipetsk, 398055, Russia;
Email: Vladimirs23@bk.ru
ORCID: 0000-0002-3161-4705

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III. History

R. Bliznyakov, D. Malyshev, E. Kryzhko, P. Pashkovsky

The Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society and the Russian Pilgrimage Movement in 1914–1918

For citation:

Bliznyakov R., Malyshev D. et al. Imperatorskoye Pravoslavnoye Palestinskoye Obshchestvo i russkoye palomnicheskoye dvizheniye v 1914–1918 gody [The Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society and the Russian Pilgrimage Movement in 1914–1918] // Trudy Saratovskoi pravoslavnoi dukhovnoi seminarii. [Proceedings of the Saratov Orthodox Theological Seminary]. 2024. No 4 (27). pp. 79–100. DOI: 10.56621/27825884_2024_27_79

Abstact: The article considers the features of the activities of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS) in the field of organizing pilgrimages in 1914–1918. It is shown that Russia during the First World War sought to expand and strengthen its international positions. At the same time, the increase in military and economic problems, aggravated by the exacerbation of internal social conflicts, as well as the opposition of London and Paris, which feared the strengthening of geopolitical influence of St. Petersburg, made the implementation of the Russian plans unlikely. By 1914 the vast majority of the population of the Russian Empire professed Orthodoxy. The Russian Orthodox Church was a component of the state administrative apparatus and occupied a special place. In 1914–1917 the IOPS continued its work on organizing pilgrimages, charity, education, and scientific research. The established system of pilgrimage activities of the Society functioned in its usual form until the outbreak of hostilities in 1914. Then, under the influence of external and internal factors, pilgrimages to the Holy Land through the Society practically ceased. However, until the revolutionary events of 1917, the IOPS promoted Orthodox pilgrimage, continuing, as far as possible. After the February Revolution of 1917, changes occurred in the leadership, name and content of the Society’s work, which was forced to focus on the scientific direction.

Keywords: Russian Empire, Palestine, Middle East region, Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society, pilgrimage activities.

Acknowledgments: The study was carried out with financial support from the state assignment of the Russian Academy of Sciences, project No. FEFM-2024-0016.

References:

1. Agsous S. (2021) The Palestinian Graduates of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS) and the Making of the Native Cultural Naha. In: Contemporary Levant. Vol. 6. Iss. 1. pp. 35–50. (In English).

2. Anisimov M.Yu., Vinogradov A.V. et al. (2015) "Ot tsarstva k imperii. Rossiya v sistemakh mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy. Vtoraya polovina XVI — nachala XX veka" [From Tsarstva to Empire. Russia in the Systems of International Relations. Second Half of the 16th — Early 20th Century]. Moscow, St. Petersburg. (In Russian).

3. Balakhonova M.A., Okolotin V.S. (2018) "Rol' Imperatorskogo Pravoslavnogo Palestinskogo Obshchestva v palomnichestve na rubezhe XIX–XX vv." [The Role of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society in Pilgrimage at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries]. In: "Vestnik Ivanovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Gumanitarnyye nauki" [Bulletin of Ivanovo State University. Series: Humanities]. No. 4 (18). pp. 53–62. (In Russian).

4. Bal'din K.E. (2014) "Deyatel'nost' Imperatorskogo Pravoslavnogo Palestinskogo Obshchestva na Blizhnem Vostoke v kontse XIX — nachale XX veka (na materiale palomnicheskikh memuarov)" [The Activities of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society in the Middle East in the Late 19th — Early 20th Century (Based on Pilgrimage Memoirs)]. In: "Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya. Politologiya. Sotsiologiya" [Bulletin of Voronezh State University. Series: History. Political Science. Sociology]. No. 2. pp. 30–32. (In Russian).

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6. Bushueva S.V. (2008) "Palomnichestvo i yego osobennosti v russkoy istorii" [Pilgrimage and its Features in Russian History]. In: "Vestnik Nizhegorodskogo universiteta im. N.I. Lobachevskogo" [Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod University named after N.I. Lobachevsky]. No. 4. pp. 127–131. (In Russian).

7. Buyanov V.S. (2024) "Vneshnyaya politika Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost'" [Russia's Foreign Policy: History and Modernity]. Moscow. (In Russian).

8. Ganf T.I. (2014) "K ustroyeniyu Russkoy Palestiny" [Towards the Organization of Russian Palestine]. In: "Veruyushchiy razum" [Believing Reason]. No. 1 (3). pp. 100–115. (In Russian).

9. Grushevoy A.G. (2013) "Imperatorskoye Pravoslavnoye Palestinskoye Obshchestvo. Obzor istorii do 1917 g." [The Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society. A Review of History to 1917]. In: "Vspomogatel'nyye istoricheskiye distsipliny" [Auxiliary Historical Disciplines]. Vol. 32. pp. 472–497. (In Russian).

10. Grushevoy A.G. (2018) "Imperatorskoye Pravoslavnoye Palestinskoye Obshchestvo v krizisnyye gody: 1905–1910" [The Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society in the Crisis Years: 1905–1910]. In: "Iyerusalimskiy pravoslavnyy seminar" [Jerusalem Orthodox Seminar]. Iss. 8. Moscow. (In Russian).

11. Hopwood D. (1969) The Russian Presence in Syria and Palestine, 1843–1914: Church and Politics in the Near East. Oxford. (In English).

12. Kennedy P. (2018) "Vzloty i padeniya velikikh derzhav: Ekonomicheskiye izmeneniya i voyennyye konflikty v formirovanii mirovykh tsentrov vlasti s 1500 po 2000 g." [The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict in the Formation of World Centers of Power from 1500 to 2000]. Yekaterinburg. (In Russian).

13. Kryzhko E.V., Pashkovsky P.I., Natalevich S.I. (2018) The "Great Game" in Turkestan in the First Half of the XIX Сentury: the Geopolitical Interests of the Parties. In: Bylye Gody. Vol. 49. Iss. 3. pp. 1084–1091. (In English).

14. Kulik S.V. (2013) "Organizatsiya palomnichestva v Palestinu v Rossii i reformy Aleksandra II" [Organization of Pilgrimage to Palestine in Russia and the Reforms of Alexander II]. In: "Vestnik Novgorodskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta" [Bulletin of Novgorod State University]. No. 72. pp. 12–15. (In Russian).

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17. Lisovoy N.N. (comp.) (2000) "Rossiya v Svyatoy Zemle: Dokumenty i materialy" [Russia in the Holy Land: Documents and Materials]. In 2 vols. Vol. 1. Moscow. (In Russian).

18. Nikonov V.A. (2014) "Rossiyskaya matritsa" [Russian matrix]. Moscow. (In Russian).

19. Pashkovsky P.I., Kryzhko E.V., Bliznyakov R.A. (2024) "Palomnichestvo kak yavleniye i osobennosti rossiyskoy palomnicheskoy deyatel'nosti v Palestine vo vtoroy polovine XIX — nachale XX vekov" [Pilgrimage as a phenomenon and features of Russian pilgrimage activity in Palestine in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries]. In: "Genesis: istoricheskiye issledovaniya" [Genesis: historical research]. No. 5. pp. 63–72. (In Russian).

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21. Petrovskaya O.V. (ed.) (2014) "Pervaya mirovaya voyna: istoriograficheskiye mify i istoricheskaya pamyat': Monografiya: V 3 kn. Kn. 3: Vtoraya Otechestvennaya voyna Rossii. 1914–1917" [The First World War: historiographic myths and historical memory: Monograph: In 3 books. Book 3: The Second Patriotic War of Russia. 1914–1917]. Moscow. (In Russian).

22. Severn P. (2019) A History of Christian Pilgrimage. In: International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church. Vol. 19. Iss. 4. pp. 1–17. (In English).

23. Smirnova I.Yu., Butova R.B. (2021) "Rossiya v Svyatoy Zemle. Deyateli i uchrezhdeniya Russkoy Palestiny (XIX–XX veka)" [Russia in the Holy Land. Figures and Institutions of Russian Palestine (19th– 20th Centuries)]. In: "Vestnik Rossiyskogo fonda fundamental'nykh issledovaniy. Gumanitarnyye i obshchestvennyye nauki" [Bulletin of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. Humanities and Social Sciences]. No. 2 (104). pp. 9–21. (In Russian).

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25. Utkin A.I. (2002) "Pervaya mirovaya voyna" [The First World War]. Moscow. (In Russian).

26. Zhitenev S.Yu. (2017) "Tsivilizatsionnoye prisutstviye Rossii v mire: k 135-letiyu nachala deyatel'nosti Imperatorskogo Pravoslavnogo Palestinskogo Obshchestva v Rossiyskoy imperii i na Blizhnem Vostoke" [Russia's Civilizational Presence in the World: On the 135th Anniversary of the Beginning of the Activities of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society in the Russian Empire and the Middle East]. In: "Zhurnal Instituta naslediya" [Journal of the Heritage Institute]. No. 2 (9). pp. 1–24. (In Russian).

27. Zhitenev S.Yu. (2021) "Palomnicheskaya deyatel'nost' Imperatorskogo Pravoslavnogo Palestinskogo Obshchestva v 1882–1914 gg." [Pilgrimage Activities of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society in 1882–1914]. In: "Pravoslavnyy Palestinskiy sbornik" [Orthodox Palestine Collection]. No. 119. pp. 72–85. (In Russian).

Roman Bliznyakov,
Job Title: Candidate of Sciences in History, Associate Professor of the Department of Church-Historical and Humanitarian Disciplines, Vice-Rector for Research;
Job place: Tauride Theological Seminary;
9/11 Geroev Adzhimushkaya str., Simferopol, Republic of Crimea, 295011, Russian Federation;
Job Title: Head of the Research Laboratory "Sacred Landscapes of the Byzantine Borderland";
Job place: Sevastopol State University;
33 Universitetskaya str., Sevastopol, 299053, Russian Federation;
Email: bliznyakov80@mail.ru;
ORCID: 0000-0002-9863-0267

Dmitry Malyshev,
Job Title: Candidate of Sciences in History, Associate Professor of the Department of Church-Historical and Humanitarian Disciplines;
Job place: Tauride Theological Seminary;
9/11 Geroev Adzhimushkaya str., Simferopol, Republic of Crimea, 295011, Russian Federation;
Job Title: Leading Researcher of the Department of Theology and Religious Studies;
Job place: Sevastopol State University;
33 Universitetskaya str., Sevastopol, 299053, Russian Federation;
Email: darkmalyshev@mail.ru;
ORCID: 0000-0002-1910-1165

Evgeny Kryzhko,
Job Title: Candidate of Sciences in History, Associate Professor of the Department of Archeology and General History;
Job place: Crimean Federal University named after V.I. Vernadsky;
4 Academician Vernadsky av., Simferopol, 295007, Russian Federation;
Email: jeyson1030@gmail.com;
ORCID: 0000-0001-9943-819X

Petr Pashkovsky,
Job Title: Doctor of Sciences in Politics, Professor of the Department of Political Sciences and International Relations;
Job place: Crimean Federal University named after V.I. Vernadsky;
4 Academician Vernadsky av., Simferopol, 295007, Russian Federation;
Email: petr.pash@yandex.ru;
ORCID: 0000-0001-5403-3797

Read full text (in russian) (pdf)

Reviews

M. Kovshov

An Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament: The Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews

Book review: Dana M. Harris Hebrews Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament (EGGNT) 10. Editors: Andreas J. Köstenberger and Robert W. Yarbrough. Nashville (TN): B&H Academic, 2019. 496 p.

For citation:

Kovshov M. Ekzegeticheskoye rukovodstvo po grecheskomu Novomu Zavetu: poslaniye svyatogo apostola Pavla k Yevreyam [An Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament: The Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews]. Book review: Dana M. Harris. Hebrews. Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament 10. Editors: Andreas J. Köstenberger and Robert W. Yarbrough. Nashville (TN): B&H Academic, 2019. 496 p. // Trudy Saratovskoi pravoslavnoi dukhovnoi seminarii. [Proceedings of the Saratov Orthodox Theological Seminary]. 2024. No 4 (27). pp. 101–107. DOI: 10.56621/27825884_2024_27_101

References:

1. Attridge H.W. Hebrews. Available at: https://archive.org/details/haroldw.attridgehebrewsacommentaryonthezlib.org (30/08/2024). (In English).

2. Bruce F.F. (1990)The Epistle to the Hebrews (The New International Commentary on the New Testament). Grand Rapids. (In English).

3. Christian W.W. (2017) Dictionary of Bible Popular Names. (In English).

4. Cockerill G.L. (1999) Hebrews: a Bible commentary in the Wesleyan tradition. Indianapolis. Available at: https://archive.org/details/hebrewsbiblecomm0000cock/page/n3/mode/2up (30/08/2024). (In English).

5. Compton J. (2015) Psalm 110 and the Logic of Hebrews. LNTS 537. London. Available at: https://archive.org/details/psalm110logicofh0000comp/page/n247/mode/2up (30/08/2024). (In English).

6. Ellingworth P. (2015) Hebrews (The New International Greek Testament Commentary). Grand Rapids. (In English).

7. Guthrie G. (1994) The Structure of Hebrews. A Text-Linguistic Analysis (Supplements yo Novum Testamentum). Leiden. (In English).

8. Harris D.M. (2019) Hebrews. Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament 10. Nashville. (In English).

9. Koester C.R. (2001) Hebrews (The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries). Yale. (In English).

10. Kovshov M.V. (2024) "Poslaniye k Yevreyam «stikh za stikhom»: o novom kommentarii k samomu vetkhozavetnomu pis'mu svyatogo apostola Pavla" [The Epistle to the Hebrews "Verse by Verse": on a new commentary on the most Old Testament letter of the Holy Apostle Paul]. Book review: Osborne G.R., Guthrie G.H. Hebrews: Verse by Verse / Osborne New Testament Commen- taries. Bellingham (WА): Lexham Press, 2021. 360 р. In: "Trudy Saratovskoi pravoslavnoi dukhovnoi seminarii" [Proceedings of the Saratov Orthodox Theological Seminary]. No 3 (22). pp. 125–135. (In Russian).

11. Lane W.L. (1991) Word Biblical Commentary. Vol. 47a: Hebrews 1–8. Nashville. (In English).

12. Walter B. (1957) A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament, and other early Christian literature. Chicago. Available at: https://archive.org/details/greekenglishlexi0000baue_i7v3/page/n9/mode/2up (30/08/2024). (In English).

Author information:
Mikhail Kovshov;

Degree, title: Candidate of Theology, Associate Professor;
Job Title: Associate Professor of the Department of Biblical Studies;
Job place: Moscow Theological Academy;
Holy Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra, Sergiev Posad, 141300, Russian Federation;

Job Title: Researcher;
Job place: Perervinskaya Orthodox Theological Seminary;

82 Highway str., Moscow, 109383, Russian Federation;
Email: paul.quest@nextmail.ru
ORCID: 0000-0003-0656-1135

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Journal "Proceedings of the SOTS". No. 4(27)-2024

I. Theology

The Theory of Conceptual Integration in the Framework of the Study of the Cultic Milieu on the Example of Ufology

Comparison of Approaches to the Comprehension of History in Eastern and Western Christian Traditions on the Example of the Works of Saint John Chrysostom and Blessed Aurelius Augustine

II. Philosophy

Existence and Deification: Essence and Comparative Analysis of Concepts

The Game "Atomic Heart" As a Product of Mythologizing the USSR: Paradoxes of Technological Futurology

III. History

The Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society and the Russian Pilgrimage Movement in 1914–1918

Reviews

M. Kovshov

An Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament: The Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews

Book review: Dana M. Harris Hebrews Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament (EGGNT) 10. Editors: Andreas J. Köstenberger and Robert W. Yarbrough. Nashville (TN): B&H Academic, 2019. 496 p.

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